Here is a very simple example of a low-cost battery charger for 12 v 7Ah lead-acid batteries.
As shown in the figure, diodes 1N4001 (D1) and 1N4001 (D2) form a full-wave rectifier. The rectified voltage appears across SCR1 and the battery to be charged. At low battery voltages, SCR2 is in cut-off state. SCR1 is triggered by the gate current flowing through resistor R1 and diode D3, and the battery charging starts.
At the start of charging, the reference voltage Vr of the battery is determined by a voltage-divider circuit. This voltage is too low to drive zener diode into conduction. Thus, the zener diode is effectively open and SCR2 is in cut-off state as the gate current is zero. Capacitor C1 prevents accidental triggering of SCR2 due to voltage transients in the circuit.
As charging continues, the battery voltage rises to a level high enough to turn on the zener diode and trigger SCR2, which brings down the voltage to a level too low at the junction of R1-R2 and SCR1 cuts off. This occurs when the battery is fully charged and the open-circuit state of SCR1 cuts off the charging current. The regulator starts recharging the battery whenever the reference voltage Vr drops below the zener diode’s breakdown voltage and prevents overcharging when voltage Vr is equal to the breakdown voltage of zener diode ZD1.
Component list
- Diode D1 and D2 1N4001
- SCR1 and SCR2- 2P4M
- Zener diode ZD1 12v 1 watt
- R1,R3 – 1K
- R2 – 6Ω 5 watt
- R4 – 680 Ω
- VR1 – 1M
- C1 – 0.1 µ
- Transformer – 230 v Primary to 12-0-12 v secondary 2A
- Battery 12 v 7Ah